Rabu, 26 Juni 2013

TULISAN B.INGGRIS 2



NAMA : FILIN ANGGRAINI
KELAS : 4EA15
NPM : 10209576
DOSEN : NONI MARLIANINGSIH

Black Bean Brownies (Low-Carb, Low GI, Gluten Free)


Total Time: 25 mins

Prep Time: 5 mins

Cook Time: 20 mins


Ingredients:

1 (15 ounce) can black beans, drained & rinsed
1/3 cup agave nectar
1/3 cup cocoa powder (unsweetened)
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
2 tablespoons canola oil
1/2 teaspoon instant coffee granules
1 teaspoon baking powder
1 large egg
2 tablespoons mini chocolate chips
1/4 cup chopped walnuts

Directions:

1 Preheat oven to 350 degrees, and grease a 12-cup muffin tin.
2 Combine the first seven ingredients (beans through baking powder) in a blender or food processor until smooth.
3 Stir in the egg, chocolate chips, and walnuts (if desired).
4 Pour into muffin tin, bake at 350 for 20 minutes.
5 Cool for 10 minutes before serving.
6 to make Vegan brownies, replace the egg with a flax egg, and chocolate chips with Vegan chocolate chips.







Easy banana cake


Ingredients

Serves : 10 

  • 125g butter
  • 150g caster sugar
  • 1 tsp vanilla extract
  • 1 egg, beaten
  • 2 very ripe bananas, mashed
  • 190g self raising flour
  • 60ml milk

Directions

Prep:10min  ›  Cook:35min  ›  Ready in:45min 

  1. Grease and line a 2lb loaf tin. Melt butter, sugar and vanilla in a saucepan over a medium heat.
  2. Remove from heat and add the mashed bananas, mix well.
  3. Add the egg, mix well.
  4. Stir in the flour and the milk.
  5. Pour into the prepared tin, sprinkle with a tablespoon of demerara sugar to give a crunch topping if liked.
  6. Bake at 150 C fan oven (or 170 C regular, Gas mark 3) for 35 mins, until a skewer comes out clean. Leave to cool and enjoy!

Editor's note

This recipe has been edited by Allrecipes staff to include measurements familiar to UK and Irish cooks.






Simply Delicious Strawberry Cake



Total Time: 45 min
Prep 15 min
Inactive 10 min
Cook 20 min

Yield: 8 servings

Level: Easy

Ingredients

1 (18.25-ounce) box white cake mix
1 (3-ounce) box strawberry-flavored instant gelatin
1 (15-ounce) package frozen strawberries in syrup, thawed and pureed
4 large eggs
1/2 cup vegetable oil
1/4 cup water
Strawberry cream cheese frosting, recipe follows
Strawberry Cream Cheese Frosting
1/4 cup butter, softened
1 (8-ounce) package cream cheese, softened
1 (10-ounce) package frozen strawberries in syrup, thawed and pureed
1/2 teaspoon strawberry extract
7 cups confectioners' sugar
Freshly sliced strawberries, for garnish, optional

Directions

Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. Lightly grease 2 (9-inch) round cake pans.

In a large bowl, combine cake mix and gelatin. Add pureed strawberries, eggs, oil, and water; beat at medium speed with an electric mixer until smooth. Pour into prepared pans, and bake for 20 minutes, or until a wooden pick inserted in the center comes out clean.

Let cool in pans for 10 minutes. Remove from pans, and cool completely on wire racks.

For the frosting:

In a large bowl, beat butter and cream cheese at medium speed with an electric mixer until creamy. Beat in 1/4 cup of the strawberry puree and the strawberry extract. (The rest of the puree is leftover but can be used in smoothies or on ice cream for a delicious treat.) Gradually add confectioners' sugar, beating until smooth.

Spread frosting in between layers and on top and sides of cake. Garnish with sliced fresh strawberries, if desired.

Refrensi : http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/paula-deen/simply-delicious-strawberry-cake-recipe/index.html


A NOUN PHRASE

NAMA : FILIN ANGGRAINI
KELAS : 4EA15
NPM : 10209576
DOSEN : NONI MARLIANINGSIH 

DEFINITION A NOUN PHRASE

A noun phrase or nominal phrase (abbreviated NP) is a phrase which has a noun (or indefinite pronoun) as its head word, or which performs the same grammatical function as such a phrase. Noun phrases are very common cross-linguistically, and they may be the most frequently occurring phrase type.

Noun phrases often function as verb subjects and objects, as predicative expressions, and as the complements of prepositions or postpositions. Noun phrases can be embedded inside each other; for instance, the noun phrase some of his constituents contains the shorter noun phrase his constituents.
In some modern theories of grammar, noun phrases with determiners are analyzed as having the determiner rather than the noun as their head; they are then referred to as determiner phrases.

The Basic Rules: Count and Noncount Nouns

A count noun is one that can be expressed in plural form, usually with an "s." For example, "cat—cats," "season—seasons," "student—students."
A noncount noun is one that usually cannot be expressed in a plural form. For example, "milk," "water," "air," "money," "food." Usually, you can't say, "He had many moneys."

Count and Noncount Nouns with Adjectives

Most of the time, this doesn't matter with adjectives. For example, you can say, "The cat was gray" or "The air was gray." However, the difference between a countable and uncountable noun does matter with certain adjectives, such as "some/any," "much/many," and "little/few."
Some/Any: Some and any countable and uncountable nouns.
  • "There is some water on the floor."
  • "There are some students here."
  • "Do you have any food?"
  • "Do you have any apples?"
Much/Many: Much modifies only uncountable nouns. Many modifies only countable nouns.
  • "We don't have much time to get this done."
  • "Many Americans travel to Europe."
Little/Few: Little modifies only uncountable nouns.
  • "He had little food in the house."
  • "The doctor had little time to think in the emergency room."
Few modifies only countable nouns.
  • "There are few doctors in town."
  • "Few students like exams."
Other basic rules

A lot of/lots of: A lot of/lots of are informal substitutes for much and many. They are used with uncountable nouns when they mean much and with countable nouns when they mean many.
  • "They have lots of (much) money in the bank."
  • "A lot of (many) Americans travel to Europe."
  • "We got lots of (many) mosquitoes last summer."
  • "We got lots of (much) rain last summer."
A little bit of:A little bit of is informal and always precedes an uncountable noun.
  • "There is a little bit of pepper in the soup."
  • "There is a little bit of snow on the ground."
Enough: Enough modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.
  • "There is enough money to buy a car."
  • "I have enough books to read."
Plenty of: Plenty of modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.
  • "They have plenty of money in the bank."
  • "There are plenty of millionaires in Switzerland."
No: No modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.
  • "There is no time to finish now."
  • "There are no squirrels in the park."
Contributors:Paul Lynch, Allen Brizee.
Summary:

This handout discusses the differences between count nouns and noncount nouns. Count nouns can be pluralized; noncount nouns cannot.
a means or an a (a, a, a, a, etc.) and put that in front of the noun explained.

A is used when the word that follows begins with the sound off, for example: a man, a star etc.. An berikunya used when the word beginning with the sound of life, for example: an astrich, an exam, etc..

A or an only followed by kat objects that can be counted (countable nouns) and a number one or a singular noun (singular).

Definite Article + Noun
 
is the definite article is the word clothing.
Example: the ship the soup the cars the models
Series of words he said above is the phrase object. The noun menarangkan ship, soup, cars models. Words ship, soup, cars, models are the words of the head; explained the chief said.

the often interpreted: the, the, earlier.

The objects that can be followed by one or a number of single, for example, the sea, the process, etc., or followed by the object of more than one or plural, as the people, the poets, etc., and can also be followed by an object that is not can be calculated, for example, the water, the nitrogen.

Demonstrative Adjective + Noun
 
is a demonstrative adjective is a word this, these, that, and those.
Example: This song That poem those disasters
That these tragedies this liquid stranger

Refrensi :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_phrase
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/owlprint/541/


Selasa, 30 April 2013

PASSIVE VOICE


NAMA : FILIN ANGGRAINI
KELAS : 4EA15
NPM : 10209576
DPSEN : NONI MARLIANINGSIH 

The passive voice is a grammatical construction (specifically, a "voice"). The noun or noun phrase that would be the object of an active sentence (such as Our troops defeated the enemy) appears as the subject of a sentence with passive voice (e.g. The enemy was defeated by our troops).
The subject of a sentence or clause featuring the passive voice denotes the recipient of the action (the patient) rather than the performer (the agent). The passive voice in English is formed periphrastically: the usual form uses the auxiliary verb be (or get) together with the past participle of the main verb.
For example, Caesar was stabbed by Brutus uses the passive voice. The subject denotes the person (Caesar) affected by the action of the verb. The agent is expressed here with the phrase by Brutus, but this can be omitted. The equivalent sentence in active voice is Brutus stabbed Caesar, in which the subject denotes the doer, or agent, Brutus. A sentence featuring the passive voice is sometimes called a passive sentence, and a verb phrase in passive voice is sometimes called a passive verb.
English allows a number of passive constructions which are not possible in many of the other languages with similar passive formation. These include promotion of an indirect object to subject (as in Tom was given a bag) and promotion of the complement of a preposition (as in Sue was operated on, leaving a stranded preposition).

Use of the English passive varies with writing style and field. Some publications' style sheets discourage use of the passive voice, while others encourage it. Although some purveyors of usage advice, including George Orwell (see Politics and the English Language, 1946) and William Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White (see The Elements of Style, 1919), discourage the English passive, its usefulness is generally recognized, particularly in cases where the patient is more important than the agent, but also in some cases where it is desired to emphasize the agent.

S + AUXILIARY + PAST PARTICIPLE

Note:
v  Auxiliary verb can be either be (is, are, am, was, were) or a combination of the two primary auxiliary (is / are being, was / were being, has / have been) as well as between the primary capital (will be, will have been ).
v  Auxiliary combination used in the form of passive tenses. Fuller explanation can be found in the form of the tenses Passive, Infinitive and Gerund.
v  Past participle used a transitive verb (has a direct object).
v  Contoh:
v  play (base form) —> played (past participle), sing (base form) —> sung (past participle)

Contoh Passive Voice pada Auxiliary Verb be:


Komponen
Contoh Passive Voice dalam Kalimat
Subject
be
PP
I
am
paid
I am paid in dollars.
(Saya dibayar dalam dollar.)
the red velvet recipe
is
used
The red velvet recipe is used by many people.
(Resep red velvet tsb digunakan oleh banyak orang.)
all of my shoes
are
washed
All of my shoes are washed every month.
(Semua sepatu saya dicuci setiap bulan.)
large amounts of meat and milk
are
consumed
Large amounts of meat and milk are consumed by many people in the countries.
(Sejumlah besar daging dan susu dikonsumsi oleh banyak orang di negara-negara tsb.)
the book
was
edited
The book was edited by Beatrice Sparks.
(Buku tsb disunting oleh Beatrice Sparks.)
the books
were
edited
The books were edited by Beatrice Sparks.
(Buku-buku tsb disunting oleh Beatrice Sparks.)

Identifying the English passive

The passive voice is a specific grammatical construction; not every expression that serves to take focus away from the performer of an action is classified as an instance of passive voice. The essential components of the English passive voice are a form of the auxiliary verb be (or sometimes get), and the past participle of the main verb denoting the action. For example:

... that all men are created equal...
We have been cruelly deceived.
The captain was struck by a missile.
I got kicked in the face during the fight.

(For exceptions, see Additional passive constructions below.) The agent (the doer of the action) may be specified, using a prepositional phrase with the preposition by, as in the third example, but it is equally possible to omit this, as is done in the other examples.

A distinction is made between the above type of clause, and those of similar form in which the past participle is used as an ordinary adjective, and the verb be or similar is simply a copula linking the subject of the sentence to that adjective. For example:

I am excited (right now).

This would not normally be classed as a passive sentence, since the participle excited is used adjectivally to denote a state, not to denote an action of excitation (as it would in the passive the electron was excited with a laser pulse). See Stative and adjectival uses below.

Sentences which do not follow the pattern described above are not considered to be in the passive voice, even if they have a similar function of avoiding or marginalizing reference to the agent. An example is the sentence A stabbing occurred, where mention of the stabber is avoided, but the sentence is nonetheless cast in the active voice, with the verbal noun stabbing forming the subject of the simple past tense of the verb occur. (Similarly There was a stabbing.) Occasionally, however, writers misapply the term "passive voice" to sentences of this type. An example of this loose usage can be found in the following extract from an article from The New Yorker about Bernard Madoff (bolding and italics added; bold text indicates the verbs misidentified as passive voice):

Two sentences later, Madoff said, "When I began the Ponzi scheme, I believed it would end shortly, and I would be able to extricate myself, and my clients, from the scheme." As he read this, he betrayed no sense of how absurd it was to use the passive voice in regard to his scheme, as if it were a spell of bad weather that had descended on him . . . In most of the rest of the statement, one not only heard the aggrieved passive voice, but felt the hand of a lawyer: "To the best of my recollection, my fraud began in the early nineteen-nineties." 

The intransitive verbs would end and began are in fact in the active voice. Although the speaker uses the words in a manner that subtly diverts responsibility from him, this is not accomplished by use of passive voice. 

Examples of misuse of the term are also found in Strunk and White's influential The Elements of Style. Professor Geoffrey Pullum notes that three out of four "passive voice" examples given in that book do not in fact contain passives: "There were a great number of dead leaves lying on the ground" (no sign of any passive); "It was not long before she was very sorry that she had said what she had" (again, no sign of the passive); "The reason that he left college was that his health became impaired" (here became impaired is an example of the adjectival, not passive, use of the past participle). 

Reasons for using the passive voice

The passive voice can be used without referring to the agent of an action; it may therefore be used when the agent is unknown or unimportant, or the speaker does not wish to mention the agent.
  • Three stores were robbed last night. (the identity of the agent may be unknown)
  • A new cancer drug has been discovered. (the identity of the agent may be unimportant in the context)
  • Mistakes have been made on this project. (the speaker may not wish to identify the agent)
The last sentence illustrates a frequently criticized use of the passive – the evasion of responsibility by failure to mention the agent (which may even be the speaker himself).
Agentless passives are common in scientific writing, where the agent may be irrelevant:
  • The mixture was heated to 300°C.
However the passive voice can also be used together with a mention of the agent, using a by-phrase. In this case the reason for use of the passive is often connected with the positioning of this phrase at the end of the clause (unlike in the active voice, where the agent, as subject, normally precedes the verb). Here, in contrast to the examples above, passive constructions may in fact serve to place emphasis on the agent, since it is natural for information being emphasized to come at the end:
  • Don't you see? The patient was murdered by his own doctor!
In more technical terms, such uses can be expected in sentences where the agent is the focus (comment, rheme), while the patient (the undergoer of the action) is the topic or theme (see Topic–comment). There is a tendency for sentences to be formulated so as to place the focus at the end, and this can motivate the choice of active or passive voice:
  • My taxi hit an old lady. (the taxi is the topic, the lady is the focus)
  • My mother was hit by a taxi. (the mother is the topic, the taxi is the focus)
Similarly, the passive may be used because the noun phrase denoting the agent is a long one (containing many modifiers), since it is convenient to place such phrases at the end of a clause:
  • The breakthrough was achieved by Burlingame and Evans, two researchers in the university's genetic engineering lab

Passive constructions without an exactly corresponding active

Some passive constructions are not derived exactly from a corresponding active construction in the ways described above. This is particularly the case with sentences containing content clauses (usually that-clauses). Given a sentence in which the role of direct object is played by such a clause, for example
  • They say (that) he cheats.
it is possible to convert this to a passive by promoting the content clause to subject; in this case, however, the clause typically does not change its position in the sentence, and an expletive it takes the normal subject position:
  • It is said that he cheats.
Another way of forming passives in such cases involves promoting the subject of the content clause to the subject of the main clause, and converting the content clause into a non-finite clause with the to-infinitive. This infinitive is marked for grammatical aspect to correspond to the aspect (or past tense) expressed in the content clause. For example:
  • They say that he cheats. → He is said to cheat.
  • They think that I am dying. → I am thought to be dying.
  • They report that she came back / has come back. → She is reported to have come back.
  • They say that she will resign. → e.g. She is said to be going to resign.
Some verbs are used almost exclusively in the passive voice. This is the case with rumor, for example. The following passive sentences are possible:
  • He was rumored to be a war veteran. / It was rumored that he was a war veteran.
but it is not possible to use the active counterpart *They rumored that he was a war veteran. (This was once possible, but has fallen out of use.)
Another situation in which the passive uses a different construction than the active involves the verb make, meaning "compel". When this verb is used in the active voice it takes the bare infinitive (without the particle to), but in the passive voice it takes the to-infinitive. For example:
  • They made Jane attend classes.
  • Jane was made to attend classes.

Double passives

The construction called double passive can arise when one verb appears in the to-infinitive as the complement of another verb.
If the first verb takes a direct object ahead of the infinitive complement (this applies to raising-to-object verbs, where the expected subject of the second verb is raised to the position of object of the first verb), then the passive voice may be used independently for either or both of the verbs:
  • We expect you to complete the project. (you is raised from subject of complete to object of expect)
  • You are expected to complete the project. (passive voice used for expect)
  • We expect the project to be completed. (passive voice used for complete; now the project is raised to object)
  • The project is expected to be completed. (double passive)
Other verbs which can behave similarly to expect in such constructions include order, tell, persuade, etc., leading to such double passives as The man was ordered to be shot and I was persuaded to be ordained.
Similar constructions sometimes occur, however, when the first verb is raising-to-subject rather than raising-to-object – that is, when there is no object before the infinitive complement. For example, with attempt, the active voice construction is simply We attempted to complete the project. A double passive formed from that sentence would be:
  • The project was attempted to be completed.
with both verbs changed simultaneously to the passive voice, even though the first verb takes no object – it is not possible to say *We attempted the project to be completed, which is the sentence from which the double passive would appear to derive.
This latter double passive construction is criticized as questionable both grammatically and stylistically. Fowler calls it "clumsy and incorrect", suggesting that it springs from false analogy with the former (acceptable) type of double passive, though conceding its usefulness in some legal and quasi-legal language. Other verbs mentioned (besides attempt) with which the construction is found include begin, desire, hope, propose, seek and threaten. Similarly, The American Heritage Book of English Usage declares this construction unacceptable. It nonetheless occurs in practice in a variety of contexts

References:

  1. The Passive.  http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/learnit/learnitv65.shtml. Accessed on March 6, 2013.
  2. Passive Voice. http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/passive-voice/. Accessed on March 6, 201
  3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_passive_voice
  4. http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-passive-voice